Extraction Gas Chromatography and Headspace Analysis
The development of fragrance analysis, gas chromatography and headspace techniques, including Roman Kaiser’s work and their use in perfume creation.
Extraction
Extraction 
Extraction Expression and Cold Pressing
An overview of citrus-oil expression, from the traditional sponge method to modern cold pressing, peel processing and centrifugal separation.
Extraction Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
An introduction to supercritical CO2 extraction, critical temperature and pressure, its history, and the advantages and limitations described for fragrance materials.
Extraction Enfleurage: Cold and Hot Methods
The history of cold and hot enfleurage, how scented fats are processed, and modern approaches developed by Robertet, MANE and IFF’s LMR.
Extraction Solvent Extraction
How solvent extraction produces concretes, resinoids and absolutes, with an overview of its history, processing stages and use in perfumery.
Extraction Steam Distillation
How steam distillation is used in perfumery, including hydrodistillation, essential-oil separation, scented waters and the source’s two-stage process.