The Science of Scent How Well Can Words Describe Similarities Between Smells?
A comparison of nine adjectives and free sorting found broadly similar fragrance maps, but important differences for rose, jasmine, and lemon.
Root
The Science of Scent 
Perfumer school IFF University: In-House Training and the ISIPCA Partnership Program
Explore IFF's perfumery education, from the Shiftan program and IFF University to its public ISIPCA partnership, including study, admissions, fees, and professional certification.
Perfumer school ISIPCA: Its Founding, Perfumery Education, Main Programmes and Entry Requirements
From Jean-Jacques Guerlain’s founding vision to practical study in Versailles and industry partnerships, explore ISIPCA’s main programmes, entry requirements, fees, vocational certifications and university degrees.
The Science of Scent Can Ambroxide Differ in Pleasantness Without Differing in Intensity?
A study identified OR7A17 as an ambroxide receptor. In 31 Japanese participants, those without a functional variant rated purified ambroxide as less pleasant and less woody, without significant threshold or intensity differences.
Perfumer school Grasse Institute of Perfumery (GIP): History, Perfumery Education, Courses, and Admission
Explore GIP’s roots in the Grasse fragrance industry, its connections with Prodarom and ASFO, and its international, short, and Japanese-language courses.
Perfumer school Ateliers Arômes & Parfums Paris: Miya Shinma, Perfumery Education, Courses and Diplomas
Explore Miya Shinma’s path and teaching at Ateliers Arômes & Parfums Paris, from fragrance trial lessons to online study and the school’s own diplomas.
Perfumer school Japan Flavor & Fragrance School: Its Founder, Product Development Education and Admissions
Founded by Hajime Kakuta in 1999, Japan Flavor & Fragrance School connects scent composition with food and cosmetics development. Explore its courses and admissions.
Perfumer school Givaudan Perfumery School: Jean Carles’s Legacy, Selection, and Training
From Jean Carles's teaching in Grasse to Givaudan's schools in France and Singapore, explore perfumer training, selection, creative practice, and the route through company recruitment.
Fragrance Suppliers and Companies Nez: From Auparfum to Publishing the Culture of Smell
Explore Nez’s origins, founders, magazines, books, podcasts, and exhibitions, and the editorial work that helps readers put scent into words.
Fragrance Suppliers and Companies Osmothèque: Preserving Perfume, Formulas, and the Memory of Scent
Explore the Osmothèque in Versailles: its founders, perfume preservation, original formulas, reconstructions, and ways to experience fragrance history.